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At the end of the Second World War, Europe realized that their hold on their colonial holdings was slipping fast. Most of them began to draw up plans to gradually grant independence. The people within these countries however had different priorities.
They saw their chance to break from the colonial masters and took it. Inonly Egypt, Liberia, Ethiopia, and South Africa could be considered independent, franco binary options, by the vast majority of nations were on their own. Some flourished, some languished, but almost all improved with their newfound freedom. At this time, the world was locked in a struggle between Western Democracy and Communist Dictatorship. With little warning, a new theater opened in the Cold War.
Africans were given the decision of who to side with. As an enemy of their former masters, franco binary options, the Soviet Union made a natural ally, and Socialism's anti-imperial theoretic stance appealed to people in post imperial regions of the world. Since independence, seventeen African nations have had a government which self-identified as socialist, six of those as Marxist-Leninist.
Like Africa itself, socialist movements in the continent were varied and diverse. Ranging from self described socialist Nelson Mandella becoming celebrated world wide for his devotion to peace and equality to Ethiopian dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam, whose violence and economic mismanagement killed thousands.
The purpose of this post is to describe the ideological origins and tenets of African socialism, with a look at what makes it distinct from mainstream Communist movements, franco binary options. On this map red shows those states which identified as Marxist, yellow shows those which identified as with a variety of franco binary options forms of socialism, and green shows those which more closely fall under the Arab Socialist movement and will not be discussed here.
Ideological Origins Broadly speaking, franco binary options, African Socialism drew inspiration from two main sources, the traditional body of socialist literature and that of the Pan-African movement. Socialism Both the ideological tenets of socialism and the practical concerns socialist nations played a role in African nations adopting socialism. Most of the nations of Africa were in a struggle for freedom from capitalist European countries and found a natural ally in the Soviet Union.
Following WWII, it was in many ways a binary choice to side with the US or USSR. Those who led rebellions or coups against US backed leaders had few options other than the USSR. Political concerns aside, there were many reasons why socialism was ideologically attractive to educated Africans. Socialism is at its base revolutionary. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries unite!
The anti-Imperial rhetoric of socialism regardless of the actual aggression of the USSR and PRC was another motivating factor. In this case, I point to Vladimir Lenin's Imperialism: the Highest Franco binary options of Capitalism. In this work, franco binary options, Lenin points towards imperialism as a symptom of the capitalist system. However, one of the reasons this work remained applicable after the collapse of most overseas empires is due to his characterization of imperialism.
One example he gives in the book speaks franco binary options US domination of the Argentine beef industry, franco binary options. According to Lenin, franco binary options, though the US never carved out a concession area or installed a governor general, they used economic power to dominate the industry and exert control over the country.
This characterization rang true for many people who looked at the efforts taken by former colonial powers looking to retain their economic stakes in their old colonies. One of the problems socialists face in implementing their policy is that Orthodox Marxism is heavily based on the conditions of 19th century Western Europe, and when applied outside of those conditions, franco binary options, thinkers need to reconcile the inconsistencies with the conditions on the ground.
While we will look at how various African leaders adapted the ideology, one sub-ideology which played a franco binary options role in African Socialism was Maoism. Orthodox Marxism focuses heavily on a revolution based around industrial workers.
Early 20th century China, much like post-colonial Africa had little in the way of industry. Mao re conceptualized the idea of the proletariat to include peasant farmers and made the revolution as agrarian as it was industrial. For example, the first president of Socialist Madagascar released an franco binary options book heavily inspired by Mao's Red Book. China also served as an alternative source of support franco binary options the franco binary options of a conflict with Russia; Somalia received aid from the PRC when they were at war with Soviet aligned Franco binary options. Pan- African Movement The Pan-African movement did not solely influence the African Socialist movement.
In fact, almost all post-colonial governments took inspiration from many of the tenets of franco binary options. Nor were all the central figures socialists, indeed Emperor Halie Salassi of Ethiopia was about as far from socialist as could be.
However there was a degree of mutual influence in a number of places. The start of it can be traced to Jamaican thinker Marcus Garvey. The Pan-African colors and the icon of the Black Star both came from him. Kwame Nkrumah mentioned him directly as an influence.
This remained on the nationalist and pan-nationalist side of African socialism. Franco binary options and racial empowerment remained franco binary options constant theme in African socialism, with franco binary options African thinkers rejecting class reductionism, franco binary options.
African's tended to be acutely aware of the role of race in world politics and used it in conjunction with class and capitalist interest to explain the world. Another major thinker was American W. du Bois. One of the founding members of franco binary options NAACP and author of one of the first sociological works about African Americans, Du Bois is franco binary options of the most important figures of the American Civil Rights Movement.
Du Bois was in reality a Social Democrat, who often saw world communist governments as a means to an end for black people. In Socialism and the American Negrohe referred to the New Deal as a America's foray into Socialism. Though a stalwart supporter of democracy he visited Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin personally.
He was a strong opponent of colonization and spoke to young leaders in the Pan-African congress. There he met future President of Ghana Kwame Nkrumah.
He would become a mentor to Nkrumah and move to Accra in his final days. Non-Marxist-Leninist Socialism Many of the most interesting and successful movements in Africa were non-Marxist-Leninist. They took local beliefs and attitudes and molded socialism to fit them, franco binary options. These were incredibly diverse, ranging from forms of social democracy to far more authoritarian structures. The leaders ranged from educated elites to guerrilla leaders.
The first socialist governments sprang up at independence and continued through the Cold War. These are some of the more notable ones. Consciencism Few other thinkers have had near the lasting influence on African politics and philosophy as Kwame Nkrumah. Born to a poor franco binary options in the British Gold Coast, Nkrumah was sent to school by his family where he excelled.
Interested in Politics and Philosophy, he saved money to pay to visit the United States. He worked menial jobs to put himself through school at Lincoln University and University of Pennsylvania. In the US he became close to expat and American leftists as well as enjoying African American culture. After graduating he went to the London School of Economics. This is where he began political organizing.
He returned to the Gold Coast where he founded the Convention People's Party. When the British began increasing local rule, his party swept. When the British did not meet the demands of the Ghanian people, he became a champion of the people with his down to earth nature and organization of general strikes.
When Ghana was given full independence, he was the overwhelming choice. A strict empiricist, Nkrumah sought franco binary options make an organic political philosophy that was designed to change as the material needs of the country changed. He determined that the welfare of the franco binary options was the most important concern of the government franco binary options society.
It was from this lens that he criticized capitalism, contending that it reduced man to a means to achieving the goal of profit. He pointed to traditional African values, Islam, and European influences as the three ideological tides that shaped Africa. The latter two he condemned, though admitted their merits where he saw them such as the French education systemand franco binary options qualified approval to the first.
African society was to be, in spirit but not practice the driver of society. This meant that pan-Africanism and historical study were to be focused on, but the actual franco binary options such as tribalism, traditional monarchy, and class hierarchies were to be abandoned.
This is where socialism came into Nkrumah's Consciencism. It was not franco binary options of devotion to Marxist thinking, but out of a belief that socialist economic structures would be the most effective way of leading the country to prosperity. In a address he gave in Egypt he stated "Socialism is not spontaneous, franco binary options. It does not arise of itself. It has abiding principles according to which the major means of production and distribution ought to be socialized if exploitation of the many by the few is to be prevented; if, franco binary options, that is to say, egalitarianism in the economy is to be protected.
Socialist countries in Africa may differ in this or that detail of their policies, but such differences themselves ought not to be arbitrary or subject to vagaries of taste.
They must be scientifically explained, as necessities arising from differences in the particular circumstances of the countries themselves, franco binary options.
He was a believer in the idea of scientific socialism in believing that socialism came from the natural needs of the people, rather than an ideological devotion.
Ujamaa If Nkrumah was a product of the study of Philosophy, Julius Nyerere was a product of the study of anthropology and history. Unlike Nkrumah, Nyerere was the product of elite lineage. His father was a franco binary options who earned the favor of both the German, and later British Administrations in Tanganyika.
He was chosen by the British to receive education to be a local leader and studied at Makerere College before finishing his post graduate work at University of Edinburgh. Upon returning, he founded the Tanganyika African National Union, which pushed for independence from the UK through non-violent protest.
His philosophy of Ujamaa, meaning familyhood in Swahili, became the guiding ideology of the party and independent Tanganyika and Tanzania after their unification with Zanzibar. In this ideology, Nyerere posits that socialism is the natural state of African people, franco binary options. Before the introduction of Western influences, African people lived in an equal and communitarian society.
While he admits the existence of elites he countered that the relative equality of means meant that there was no comparison to modern economic structures.
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